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Psc solar cell

Perovskite, an organic–inorganic hybrid material, tends to be a promising light-harvesting material. PSCs (organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells) are considered a significant breakthrough in photovoltaics and have received great attention. Due to the inherent advantage of perovskite thin films that can be fabricated using simple solution techniques at low temperatures, PSCs are regarded as one of the most important low-cost and mass-production prospects.

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Introduction

Perovskite, an organic–inorganic hybrid material, tends to be a promising light-harvesting material. In 2009, the Miyasaka group [1] reported a perovskite solar cell (PSC) of 3.8% using a DSSC system configuration with liquid electrolyte based on MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3 ). Park group [2] obtained a nearly doubled power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.5% in 2011 using a high concentration perovskite precursor solution. Since then, several efforts have been made to enhance PSC photovoltaic efficiency from various angles, including perovskite layer fabrication methods, interface engineering, cell architecture design, and development of the hole transporting materials (HTM), an electron transporting materials (ETM). A certified PCE of 22.7% has already been achieved via the above optimization [3]. Although the PCE currently available is appealing, the PSCs still have low stability (thermal, light, and moisture stability), which hinders their commercialization.

The discovery of high-efficiency and highly stable perovskite solar cells has sparked extensive research, which is still ongoing [4] [5]. Particularly, organometallic semiconducting perovskite has a direct Band gap with high absorption coefficients [6] that enables efficient light absorption in ultra-thin films. Furthermore, it has a long diffusion length [7] [8] [9]. low exciton binding energy [10] [11]. high carrier mobility [12] [13]. and simple and easy preparation techniques [14] that help to get high efficiency and low-cost showing promising alternative to the conventional crystalline silicon-based solar cell. over, perovskite materials can be implemented in two different cell structures, either as planer (n-i-p) or inverted (p-i-n) architecture. over, both architectures could be (i) regular structures in which no mesoporous layer is employed, and (ii) mesoscopic structures where a mesoporous layer is needed. The significant improvement in efficiency already achieved in all kinds of architecture, and the stability of PSCs remain the key concerns for the researchers at present time. Many changes were made to the working electrode, the electron transport layer (ETL), and the hole transport layer (HTL) to improve their stability and charge transport properties. The hole transporting materials is a very much important factor in PSCs to achieve high efficiency and performance. It acts as the mediator to transfer positive charges (Holes) between the perovskite and counter electrode [15]. Particularly, highest efficiency (PSCs) are achieved with organic HTL such as 2,2,7,7-tetrakis-(N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine)-9,90-spiro-biuorene(spiro-MeOTAD) [16]. The other most commonly used organic HTMs are poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [17]. poly-[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5 thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT) [18] [19]. poly-[3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3HT) [20] [21]. 4-(diethylamino)-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH) [22]. poly-triarylamine (PTAA) [19] [23]. N,N-dialkyl perylene diimide (PDI) [24]. polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI) [25]. etc. From a commercial standpoint, the production of solar cells utilizing an organic hole transport layer has encountered numerous challenges, the most significant of which are material cost and stability. Particularly, high purity spiro-OMeTAD is more costly than novel metals such as gold and platinum, which are commonly used as a counter electrodes. Commercially available spiro-OMeTAD is nearly ten times more expensive than platinum and gold. On the other hand, organic HTMs are typically hygroscopic in nature and that’s why it has an impact on the PSCs’ general stability.

In contrast, several low-cost inorganic HTLs were also proposed and implemented for enhancing the stability of PSCs, among them, some of the HTMs are CuSCN [26]. NiOx [27]. Cu2O or CuO [28]. CuI [29]. CuGaO3 [30] and CuAlO2 [31]. MoOx [32]. CuS [33]. MoS2 [34]. and polymer electrolyte [35]. The above-mentioned HTMs have shown potential as they offer suitable properties for application in PSCs including the suitable Band-to-Band alignment with the perovskite layer, low resistivity, and low-cost solution-process ability [2]. In the case of inorganic HTM, increased demand for inorganic HTM will certainly lower the cost of large-scale manufacturing, while organic HTM will likely stay expensive due to the preparation processes and materials with very high purity required for solar cell applications. These are the primary reason why researchers have concentrated their efforts on the development of an inorganic HTM. Consecutively, the quest for the perfect HTM is a great topic yet. There is a lot of literature on various HTMs, but only a few of them show promise in terms of improving the overall efficiency and stability of the PSCs. Several approaches have evolved to utilize inorganic p-type semiconductor materials, such as NiOx, CuOx, etc., focusing on developing non-hygroscopic and highly conductive HTMs [36]. over, carbon-based materials, including graphene, activated carbon, carbon black, graphite powder, carbon nanotube (CNT), etc., have been employed in the case of HTM-free PSC structures [37] [38] [39] [40]. In particular, current approaches to HTMs are low cost, high mobility, low absorption in the visible region, ease of synthesis, and good chemical stability that could ensure high efficiency and stable PSCs. In recent years, several review works have been published on inorganic metal oxide hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells in different formats and among them, some are focused on fabrication way, some are on efficiency and some are focused on stability. A list of some important review articles on inorganic metal oxide-based PSCs for the year 2015–2021 is shown in Table 1.

No. Title Journal Year References

01	Recent progress of inorganic hole transport materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells	Nano Select	2021	[41]
02	A brief review of hole transporting materials commonly used in perovskite solar cells	Rare Metals	2021	[42]
03	Nickel Oxide for Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells	Advanced Photonics Research	2021	[43]
04	Toward efficient and stable operation of perovskite solar cells: Impact of sputtered metal oxide interlayers	Nano Select	2021	[44]
05	Inorganic hole transport layers in inverted perovskite solar cells: A review	Nano Select	2021	[45]
06	Progress, highlights, and perspectives on NiO in perovskite photovoltaics	Chemical Science	2020	[46]
07	A review on the classification of organic/inorganic/carbonaceous hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cell application	Arabian Journal of Chemistry	2020	[47]
08	Review of current progress in inorganic hole-transport materials for perovskite solar cells	Applied Materials Today	2019	[48]
09	Recent progress of inorganic perovskite solar cells	Energy Environmental Science	2019	[49]
10	Inorganic hole transporting materials for stable and high efficiency perovskite solar cells	The Journal of Physical Chemistry C	2018	[50]
11	Analysing the prospects of perovskite solar cells within the purview of recent scientific advancements	Crystals	2018	[51]
12	Recent progress in stability of perovskite solar cells	Journal of Semiconductors	2017	[52]
13	Emerging of inorganic hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells	The Chemical Record	2017	[53]
14	Recent advances in the inverted planar structure of perovskite solar cells	Accounts of chemical research	2016	[54]
15	The progress of interface design in perovskite-based solar cells	Advanced Energy Materials	2016	[55]
16	Recent progress on hole-transporting materials for emerging organometal halide perovskite solar cells	Advanced Energy Materials	2015	[36]

Perovskite Solar Cell

PSCs (organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells) are considered a significant recent breakthrough in photovoltaics and have recently received great attention [49]. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has already enhanced from 3.8 percent to 25.8 percent through the system engineering and materials design regarding the correct optoelectronic aspects in just 10 years [56]. Thus, PSCs are recognized as the best alternative approach for replacing the costly and market-dominant crystalline silicon solar cells [51] [57] [58] [59] [60]. over, PSCs are more cost-effective than conventional inorganic semiconductor thin-film solar cells, such as CIGS and CdTe [52]. The real obstacle to commercialization, however, is maintaining long-term stability. PSCs are particularly susceptible to deterioration when exposed to moisture, oxygen, heat, and light, and they must address before they can use in practical applications. Perovskite is itself very reactive due to the presence of vacancies in its structure. This is the defect of perovskite and it can encourage ion migration through the perovskite layer. Furthermore, the organic cations which are used in PSCs are hygroscopic in nature. When the PSCs are contacted with moisture, the water molecule reacts with it and forms a weak hydrogen bond with the cation which results in the formation of a hydrated perovskite phase [52]. Oxygen, heat, and UV influence this chemical reaction and favor the instability of PSCs. For commercialization, PSCs must be able to operate without major degradation for almost 25 years in outdoor conditions [61]. PSCs have so far been claimed to have one-year stability, which is considerably less than the PV systems that are already on the market. Thus, it is evident that the stability and limited longevity of PSC PV are the main factors impeding its commercialization [62].

The basic building block of the perovskite structure, ABX3, is shown in Figure 1, where A and B are cations with different sizes (A being larger than B) and X is an anion [63]. Figure 1 represents the simplest structure made up of cubic symmetry of corner-sharing BX6 octahedra, where the B cations are in the middle of the octahedron and the X anions are at the corners [64] [65]. In the gap of cuboctahedra, the A cations are located at interstices, surrounded by eight octahedral, and form a cubic Pm3m crystal structure [66]. In the case of frequently used perovskites in solar cells are organo-metal halide perovskite materials, where ‘A’ may be an organic or inorganic cation (i.e., MA. FA. Cs. K. and Rb ), while ‘B’ is a metal cation (i.e., Pb 2 or Sn 2 ), and ‘X’ is a halide anion (i.e., Cl, Br, I, etc.) [67] [68].

Figure 1. Crystal structure of perovskite with a general chemical formula of ABX3 (in the case of CH3NH3PbI3, A represents the CH3NH3, B represents the Pb, and X represents I).

It should be mentioned that the A, B, and X ions must satisfy this formula, t = (RA RX)/2 (RB RX), where RA, RB, and RX are the corresponding ionic radii and t = 1, is the tolerance factor. For most cubic perovskite structures, 0.8 t 0.9 is found quantitatively. In the case of lower symmetry, the value of “t” is very small and then the film structure will be tetragonal or orthorhombic. Alternatively, if t ≥ 1, hexagonal structures are formed, and layers of face-sharing octahedra are added to the structure [67] [68]. over, organometal halide perovskites have already been proven several outstanding optoelectronic properties, such as a large absorption coefficient, direct bandgap, small exciton-binding energy, ambipolar semiconducting characteristics, long charge-carrier diffusion length with high charge-carrier mobility [67] [68]. Furthermore, the researcher proposed hybrid organometal perovskite material with structure ABX3−xYx, for example, MAPbI3−xClx and MAPbI3−xBrx, which has tunable optical properties. The tunable optical properties make it easier to experiment with device performance and improve PSCs’ overall performance [68]. On the other hand, perovskite films can be prepared by versatile low cost and simple film deposition methods, such as spin-coating [69] [70]. sequential deposition [71] [72]. and evaporation [73] [74] techniques. Low-temperature spin coating is the simplest method to fabricate low-cost and high-efficiency PVSC devices. However, it is very challenging to form continuous perovskite films means non-fully covered perovskite films by spin-coating via the direct methyl ammonium halide and lead iodide (PbI2) mixed precursor solution [75] [76]. All the above process has their own limitation and commercial viability.

Miyasaka and co-workers first reported the liquid-electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) of PCE as a maximum of 3.8% using MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 perovskites as light absorbers [1]. However, due to the dissolution of the perovskites in the liquid electrolyte, the system was found to be very unstable. In 2012, a significant advance was made independently by Grätzel et al. [60] and Snaith et al. [77] where the liquid electrolyte was replaced with a small-molecule-based hole-transporting material (HTM), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMeTAD). The perovskite is penetrated the mesoporous TiO2 (mp-TiO2) scaffold with an additional capping layer as shown in Figure 2a, which is covered with a thin layer of the HTM in a typical mesoscopic PSC. Finally, a metal electrode, preferably gold (Au), is deposited on the top of the HTM [61] [77]. Instead of TiO2, Al2O3 insulating scaffold can also be used in this mesoscopic structure [77]. The device has been found to work well, signifying that the perovskite could serve as a light harvester as well as an electron transporter (ETM). This finding led to a planar PSC configuration without the mesoporous scaffold as shown in Figure 2b. Particularly, in planar PSCs, the perovskite is simply sandwiched between a thin layer of HTM and a compact ETM, such as TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, etc. [78]. over, HTM-free PSC also reported where the perovskite works as a hole transporter as well as a light absorber [79]. over, ambipolar semiconducting characteristics of the perovskite support fabricating PSC in an inverted fashion, which is typically known as inverted PSCs. Figure 2c represents the mesoscopic inverted PSCs where a p-type mesoporous matrix (such as NiO) is used to deposit the perovskite, and then, a thin layer of ETM is deposited on top of the perovskite [80]. Finally, fabrication has been completed by depositing a metal electrode, such as silver (Ag), by the thermal evaporation technique. Analogous to usual architectures, the PSCs in inverted structure can be fabricated as shown in Figure 2d, where the perovskite layer is sandwiched by an ETM, such as PCBM, and a thin HTM, such as poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) [54].

Figure 2. Device architectures of perovskite solar cells; (a) normal mesoscopic, (b) normal planar, (c) inverted mesoscopic, and (d) inverted planar structure.

As previously mentioned, PSCs use primarily two types of system structures (normal and inverted) and obviously, transparent conductive oxide (TCO) (such as ITO or FTO), HTM, perovskite layer, ETM, and contact electrodes (like Au and Ag) are the main components of both structures as shown in Figure 2a,b. The energy Band diagram of a normal configuration, shown schematically in Figure 3, depicts the transporting trajectory of electrons and holes during the action. Excitons are produced and then separated into free carriers when sunlight illuminates the perovskite active layer. The generated electrons and holes can then be transported to each interface and injected into ETM and HTM, respectively. Finally, counter electrodes capture electrons and holes in ETM and HTM, respectively, transport them to an external circuit, and generate current [55] [81]. Charge separation between MAPbI3 and HTM such as spiro-MeOTAD was observed in transient absorption spectroscopy, but electron injection at open-circuit conditions was not detected yet [61]. It has already been confirmed that HTM plays a crucial role in carrier separation and transport in PSCs [50] which will be discussed in their study for most of the inorganic HTMs used in PSCs.

Figure 3. Energy level diagram and the carrier transport mechanism of perovskite solar cell in normal configuration (Interfaces in planar PSCs showing (1) HTL/perovskite interface, (2) perovskite/ETL interface, (3) ETL/cathode interface, and (4) HTL/anode interface).

Particularly, there are primarily four types of interfaces in the inverted and/or normal structure of PSCs as shown in Figure 3. Each of the interfaces is methodically related to interfacial carrier dynamics including charge separation, charge injection, charge transport, charge collection, and recombination processes, and consequently affects how well the device functions in the end. Charge transport, extraction, and collection in real-time operation of PSCs are usually accompanied by charge recombination, which is closely related to PCE, stability, and hysteresis. It clearly shows that interface engineering is essential for developing effective and reliable PSCs

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Perovskite solar cells: Hero, villain or just plain fantasy?

With my experience throughout the PV industry supply chain and thin-film commercialization, perovskite solar appeared at first glance to be yet another unsubstantiated claim of printing and spraying simple solar cells on everything to provide the world with endless, cheap energy. But what was missing from those previous efforts was a material that could be high efficiency, exponentially lower cost and highly manufacturable.

There is a lot of misunderstanding in the industry around the perovskite solar cell (PSC), and often reporting from outside the industry adds to the confusion. As with all new technologies, irrational exuberance and naysaying abound.

So let’s start by getting a few baseline items out of the way.

First the pronunciation: pe·rov·skite | \ pə-ˈräv-ˌskīt — it took me forever to get this right!

Record efficiencies of perovskite solar cells shown in the yellow circles. Credit: NREL

Perovskite is comprised of a class of minerals in crystalline cube- and diamond-like structures that were first discovered over 170 years ago in the Ural Mountains of Russia. Named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski, it’s abundantly found mainly in the earth’s mantle and occasionally in near-surface deposits. Fortunately, perovskite can be synthesized from common chemicals for use in solar cells and other applications including light emitting diodes, catalyst electrodes, fuel cells, IC chips, lasers and sensors, to name a few.

Perovskite as a solar cell material was initially discovered when it was used in lab-tested organic dye sensitized solar cells in the mid-2000s. While that solar cell effort was not successful, the perovskite compound was shown to be quite photo-reactive by itself. Fast forward 10 years and academia, national labs and corporations have taken the PSC efficiency from 2% to 25% in lab settings on approximately 30-cm x 30-cm forms. It’s a staggering advancement when looking at the history of other solar cell technologies that took 40 years to reach similar lab-scale efficiencies.

Perovskite offers a large number of advantages in the solar cell/module realm:

It has wide bandgap, which results in greater tunability and more sunlight being converted to electricity.
Current lab efficiencies mirror those in silicon crystalline and other thin-film products, and tandem PSCs have a viable roadmap to reach greater than 33%.
Perovskite production is highly simplified via solutions processing and does not require high-cost machinery and facilities, which are required for semiconductor processing.
It is manufactured as a thin-film product resulting in 20-times less materials.
It requires no rare earth or supply-limited materials.
Perovskite is highly defect-tolerant which creates high manufacturing yields and ease when working in modules larger than 300 W (current thin-films require exceptional engineering, cost and risk to increase the manufacturing deposition area).
PSC-based modules can be shaped as traditional rectangular solar panels or be flexible, opening up new applications and markets.
Perovskite solar module manufacturing has a small environmental footprint depending on the manufacturing method employed.
Return on energy invested is measured in months vs. years with current solar module products.

So what’s not to like here? When looking at perovskite solar cells, the number of misunderstandings are large.

Stability

Light-induced cell degradation and environmental stability are the continually cited villains. Early on, PSC stability was a large problem. But just as there were Rapid advancements in cell efficiency, there has also been similar quick advancements in stability.

Perovskite Mineral Crystal

Light-induced degradation is now well understood. A major hinderance was the choice of materials for the electron transfer layers on either side of the perovskite cell. Multiple labs and other entities have successfully substituted new materials and solved LID issues.

On the weatherization front, just like with other thin-films and crystalline silicon solar cells, exposure to moisture, oxygen and other common environmental substances can cause Rapid module degradation in PSCs. Using standard “packaging” assembly schemes, the concerns about environmental degradation have largely been solved. This reminds me of the early days of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) cell development where the commonly cited bogeyman was intolerance to moisture. But now CIGS-based modules are widely deployed with no major environmental stability issues.

Both light-induced and environmental PSC degradation parameters have exceeded 1,000-hour accelerated life cycle testing (the PV industry standard for new technologies) with some going as far as 10,000 hours.

Other stability challenges related to mechanical durability, applied voltage heating and thermal influences and current-voltage behaviors are similarly understood with a number of fixes in the testing phase.

Two whitepapers on light-induced and environmental stability cures can be found here and here. A more recent paper from Solliance partners TNO, imec and the Eindhoven University of Technology shows encapsulated perovskite solar modules using standard manufacturing methods successfully completed standard PV industry stability tests including light soak, damp-heat and thermal cycling.

Lead

Lead is used in the most common PSC cell structure, methylammonium lead halide. The amount of lead used is miniscule (average: 2 mg/Watt). For comparison, a common automobile battery contains 20 pounds (9,000,000 mg) on average.

As lead is a heavy toxic metal substance, it needs to be tightly controlled in all parts of an application from manufacturing to end-of-life recycling, especially when it is deployed in a water soluble form such as a perovskite solar cell. The lead recycling stream is the largest and most complete of any material in the world and the PSC industry would use only 0.0007 grams of the total stream. Looking at it another way, PSC recycling would annually represent one-tenth of 1% of all lead recycled at a 1-terawatt recycling rate.

Looking at current fossil fuel energy generation — where lead and other heavy metal particulates and toxic waste streams permeate our daily lives — the benefits of solar modules with only trace amounts of heavy metals far outweighs the overall risk.

Scalability to meet zero emissions by 2050 mandate

The topic of whether PSCs can scale fast enough to meet the United Nations’ 2050 zero emissions targets is a continual conversation. The established crystalline silicon solar module based industry is pointed to as mature and ready to scale. But silicon-based solar faces challenges to meet these energy needs.

A perovskite cell using methylammonium lead triiodide thin films. Photo credit: Dennis Schroeder / NREL

To meet 20% of all global energy for the U.N.’s emissions reduction scenario, the solar industry would need to install 300 to 500 GW annually (linear example) over the next 30 years. Current global PV module manufacturing at 100 GW per year presents an enormous supply chain challenge. The silicon module industry’s large capital intensity issues limits solar supply to 5% of all global energy. It’s a common misunderstanding that silicon modules’ low margins are principally because they are highly commoditized products. The capital intensity is preventing large and durable margins, contributing to supply chain scale-up financing challenges.

The cost of solar energy is also still too expensive especially when looking at value deflation at the kilowatt-hour level. Looking at many studies, solar energy needs to have an installed cost lower than 0.30/W to solve this problem even when coupled with low cost energy storage.

Perovskite solar with its unique simplified manufacturing attributes, raw material, performance and small environmental footprint makes it highly scalable — quickly. Depending on the business model, perovskite modules can be manufactured in facilities that cost 50% less than other solar factories and use less materials. The supply chain to support PSC manufacturing is also small, allowing for factories to be sited close to end markets.

The PSC industry is in a state where its lab developments exceed prior solar panel commercialization launch points. The challenge is how quickly the simplified manufacturing can scale-up for a given production method to enter high-volume production.

If you believe, as I do, that the acceleration of climate-related events will also accelerate global energy decarbonization timelines, the solar industry will need all existing and new arrows in the module sector quiver to meet 20% of all global energy, let alone 45% as some scenarios demand. Perovskite-based modules can be a timely addition to the solar energy industry’s push to zero energy emissions.

Check back for the second article in this series, focusing on product design, raw materials and manufacturing.

Leveraging a 23-year career in renewable energy with broad experience across the solar PV industry supply chain, Dave Buemi is Managing Director of Prescient Energy Consulting which provides strategic and tactical business consulting to renewable energy related entities throughout the low carbon energy transition ecosystem. He has held senior-level positions throughout the PV supply chain including technology commercialization, manufacturing, EPC and project development with companies that include Brightphase Energy, Daystar Technologies, Empower Energies, Gehrlicher Solar/MW, Suniva and Willdan Energy Solutions. He also played a key role developing the community energy model and commercialization of both advanced thin-film solar cell and solar tri-generation technologies. His work early in renewable energy overlapped with the U.S. Department of Defense renewable energy and microgrid strategy deployment where he provided strategy and knowledge in the warrior, forward deployed, home base and airborne sectors. A climate change and climate resiliency activist and consultant, Dave believes that urgent innovation throughout the PV industry ecosystem is key to meeting the Paris Climate Accords 2050 timeline while enabling a more profitable and stable industry for all stakeholders.

Opinions expressed here are of the author only.

Комментарии и мнения владельцев

I AM AN IGNORANT RETIRED SOLICITOR BUT HAVE HOBBY READ SCIENCE JOURNALS FOR SOME 60 YEARS. QUERY: WOULD ENCAPSULATED PEROVSKITE CELLS BE IMPROVED BY USING A LIGHT CONDENSER THIN FILM FRESNEL LENS APPROACH ? I think that I have read that HEAT is not a problem – rather an opposite. Best regards

An opt answer for to day’s Global mission of achieving 20 % power requirement through non polluting resources. Since the technology for manufacturing is understood the commercialization needs to be fastened solving the issues as we come across.I have been working in the areas of energy efficiency and alternate energy sources as ahead of an organization helping establishing small and medium sized manufacturing companies. Beeing a chemical engineer my self I can play a role.

I believe some of the ‘new’ technologies of the mono crystalline solar PV cell manufacturing processes could be adaptable to perovskites. In adapting topologies like TOPcon cell manufacturing, could allow two differently tuned perovskite chemistries to be sprayed onto a mono crystalline cell structure with the proper ‘moisture sealing’ as part of the process. Tandem cells, what about tertiary cells in one manufacturing line process?

Perovskite Solar Cell Market Analysis. 2030

The global Perovskite solar cell market size was valued at 0.4 billion in 2020, and is forecasted to reach 6.6 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 32.4% from 2021 to 2030. Perovskite solar cell (PSC) includes the perovskite-structured material as an active layer based on the solution processed by tin or halide. Perovskite materials offer excellent light absorption, charge-carrier mobilities, and lifetimes, resulting in high device efficiencies with opportunities to realize a low-cost, industry-scalable technology. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most emerging area of research among different new generation photovoltaic technologies, due to their super power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Growing demand for solar cells due to their flexibility and light weight, rising number of applications in various industries, increasing environmental concerns about carbon emission reduction, and the prevalence of alternative energy sources are some of the factors that are expected to boost the growth of the perovskite solar cell market during the forecast period. Furthermore, increasing RD efforts as well as technical developments, can enhance different prospects, resulting in the expansion of the market throughout the forecast period. However, presence of toxic material as well as high cost of product may hamper the growth of market during the forecast period. These are some of the perovskite solar cell market trends observed globally. The Perovskite solar cell market is segmented on the basis of structure, product, method, end-use, and region. On the basis of structure, the global market is segmented into planar perovskite solar cells and mesoporous perovskite solar cells. The Product of Perovskite solar cell include rigid perovskite solar cells and flexible perovskite solar cells. On the basis of method, it is segmented into solution method, vapor-deposition method and vapor-assisted solution method. The end use of Perovskite solar cell includes aerospace, industrial automation, consumer electronics, energy and others. On the basis of region, the global market is studied across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA. Presently, Europe accounts for the largest share of the market, followed by North America. Major players operating in the global Perovskite solar cell industry include Oxford Photovoltaics, FrontMaterials Co. Ltd., Solaronix SA, Xiamen Weihua Solar Co. Ltd., Fraunhofer ISE, Dyesol, Saule Technologies, FlexLink Systems Inc., Polyera Corporation, and New Energy Technologies Inc.