High Efficiency 120W Solar Mono Crystalline PV Module Aluminum body
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High Efficiency 120W Solar Mono Crystalline PV Module Aluminum body
Powitt Solar. than a solar panel. Solar energy is playing an increasing role in powering our homes and businesses, reducing the effects of climate change and protecting our natural environment for further generations.Powitt Solar, a wholly-owned subsidiary by Infinity New Energy Group(INE), is aiming to provide affordable solar energy to more people in the world.
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High Efficiency 120W Solar Mono Crystalline PV Module Aluminum body Powitt Solar. than a solar panel. Solar energy is playing an increasing role in powering our homes and businesses, reducing the effects of climate change and protecting our natural environment for further generations.Powitt Solar, a wholly-owned subsidiary by Infinity New Energy Group(INE), is aiming to provide affordable solar energy to more people in the world.
Monocrystalline solar panels vs. polycrystalline solar panels: Find out which ones are right for you
What’s the difference between these types of solar panels?
In the last decade, more people across the country have chosen to take advantage of green energy and use solar power for their homes. In 2008, the U.S. produced 0.34 GW of electricity from solar panels. Today, that number has skyrocketed to 97.2 GW. This total accounts for about 3% of the country’s electricity.- enough to power about 18 million homes. During this time, the average cost to purchase and install a solar panel system has dropped more than 70%.
There are many factors to consider before making the decision to purchase and install solar panels. Among these are the cost, location of your house, amount of sun you receive and more. Once you’ve committed to solar energy, you’ll want to review everything you need to know about solar panels. But, before you can purchase a system, the first decision you need to make is which type of solar panels to install — monocrystalline or polycrystalline.
Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are made from silicon. However, the manufacturing process differs, which results in a difference in the efficiency of the solar panels. Let’s explore the differences and similarities in the two types of panel.
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Monocrystalline solar panels
Monocrystalline solar panels are made from a single silicon ingot. To create ingots, a rod of pure crystal silicon, called a seed crystal, is placed in molten silicon. It is then slowly pulled and rotated upward, turning into a single silicon ingot. The ingot is cut into thin wafers, whose surface is roughened so it can refract more sunshine. Then, a layer of phosphorous is added to each wafer. It takes between 32 and 96 pure silicon wafers to create each solar panel. The more silicon cells in each panel, the higher the energy output.
Polycrystalline solar panels
Polycrystalline solar panels are sometimes called multi-crystalline or many-crystal solar panels. They are also made from silicon. However, instead of being created from a single wafer, they are made from multiple silicon fragments. The silicon is melted and then cools as fragments, which are molded together before being cut for the panel. The finishing process is the same as for the monocrystalline panels.
Can solar panels save you money?
Interested in understanding the impact solar can have on your home? Enter some basic information below, and we’ll instantly provide a free estimate of your energy savings.
Monocrystalline solar panels vs. polycrystalline solar panels
Appearance
The cells for monocrystalline solar panels have square wafers with rounded corners. The result is a small gap between the cells. The solar panel looks dark due to the purity of the silicon. The cells for polycrystalline solar panels are square, without any rounded edges. They take on a blue color due to the way the sun interacts with the many crystallines.
Winner: No clear winner
Efficiency
To determine the efficiency of solar panels, the amount of captured sunshine that is converted into electricity is measured. The higher the number, the more efficient the system. Monocrystalline solar panels have an efficiency range from 15% to 20%, while the efficiency range for polycrystalline solar panels is from 13-16%.
Winner: Monocrystalline solar panels
Temperature coefficient
The metric that measures how well solar panels function when the temperature is hotter is the temperature coefficient. This rate is.0.3% to.0.45% on the Celsius scale for monocrystalline solar panels. That means that for each 1oC/32oF, monocrystalline solar panels will be between 0.3-0.45% less efficient. For polycrystalline solar panels, the rate is.0.5%. The end result is that monocrystalline solar panels produce 20% more electricity, on average, than polycrystalline solar panels.
Winner: Monocrystalline solar panels
Lifespan
The amount of electricity produced by solar panels is reduced, or degrades, each year. This affects the panels’ lifespans. The annual rate of degradation for monocrystalline solar panels is 0.3 to 0.5%. Solar panel manufacturers put the rate at 0.8% and often provide 25- to 30-year warranties. However, many systems can last 40 years. The degradation for polycrystalline solar panels is slightly worse, from 0.3 to 1%, resulting in a lifespan of about 35 years.
Winner: Monocrystalline solar panels
Ability to recycle
For both monocrystalline solar panels and polycrystalline solar panels, 90-95% of the component parts of the solar panels can be recycled.
Winner: No winner
Cost
The cost of purchasing and installing solar panels depends on the number of panels you need. Your average energy use, the output of the solar panels and the amount of sunshine at your home factor into this determination.
The average cost per watt for monocrystalline solar panels is 1 to 1.50. A standard 250-watt panel can run from 250 to 375. This makes the average cost to purchase an entire monocrystalline system range from 6,000 to 9,000. Polycrystalline solar panels range from 0.90 to 1 per watt, or 225 to 250 per 250-watt panel. This results in an average system cost for the polycrystalline panels of 5,400 to 6,000. Monocrystalline solar panels cost more due to the method of producing single crystalline ingots.
Winner: Polycrystalline solar panels
Which type of solar panel should you get?
While there are benefits in choosing either monocrystalline solar panels or polycrystalline solar panels, the edge goes to monocrystalline solar panels. These panels rank better for efficiency, temperature coefficient and lifespan. However, these advantages come with a cost, as the price for a monocrystalline solar panel system can be thousands of dollars more than a polycrystalline system. Yet, there are only winners in this scenario. People who don’t want to spend the added cost for monocrystalline solar panels can still enjoy the benefits of green energy and the potential for lower electricity bills by using a polycrystalline solar panel system.
Monocrystalline vs polycrystalline solar panels: The difference explained
Three types of solar panels are currently the most prominent on the market. While thin-film solar panels are easy to distinguish, monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels may seem rather similar. What are the differences between them? In which situations monocrystalline panels are better, and when is it reasonable to choose polycrystalline ones? Let’s look at these questions in detail.
Differences derive from manufacturing process
The key part of any solar panels are solar cells. They are made of photovoltaic material, which allows them to produce current under the sun. Almost all solar cells are made of silicon, a component of beach sand. First, silica sand is exposed to high temperatures in the furnace. Once you have a pot of melted silicone, the process starts to differ for monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels.
To make polycrystalline solar cells, hot silicon is poured into a square mould. As it cools down, it forms many rocks or so called crystals. Then this silicone ingot gets sliced into thin wafers. They are of a perfect square shape: when they are laid up into a panel, there is no wasted space.
The process of making monocrystalline solar cells is more complicated. First, manufacturers grow a single large crystal from melted silicone. This process is called Czochralski and reminds of making cotton candy. In the end, they get a big silicon cylinder. If it were sliced as it is, wafers would be round discs, which couldn’t be efficiently packed into a solar panel. There would be gaps between the cells, leaving parts of the solar panel surface inactive. So the cylinder is first cut along its length on four sides to get wafers of a square shape with rounded corners (pseudo-square). The remnants of the manufacturing process are later used for making polycrystalline cells.
The wafers, both poly- and monocrystalline, are usually polished to remove saw marks. However, it increases their reflectivity up to around 40%, which means a lot of sunlight is wasted. Anti-reflective coating used for polycrystalline panels lowers it down to 6% and gives solar modules their distinctive blue hue. A special modern technology is used to make black silicone, the standard for monocrystalline panels. Their reflectivity goes even further down to 1.5%.
Solar cells are the most important, but aren’t the only component of PV modules. If you want to know more about the manufacturing process of solar panels and how they work, check out our article.
Now let’s look at each type of solar panels closer to figure out which situations they suit the best.
Save space with monocrystalline panels
Monocrystalline panels are easy to recognise by their looks: the cells have rounded corners and black color, which people usually find more stylish.
The main selling point of monocrystalline modules is their high efficiency, going over 18%. It is achieved due to their cell structure, allowing electrons to move more freely than they do in polycrystalline panels. High efficiency means that you are going to get more electricity from a square foot and use the space of your roof or yard in the most effective way. Therefore, monocrystalline panels are an obvious choice when space is limited, like boats, RVs or even small vehicles.
Monocrystalline solar panels also perform better than other types of panels in low-light conditions: on cloudy days and in the winter. High temperatures also affect them less than polycrystalline panels.
However, since the manufacturing process is rather complicated and wasteful, it reflects on their cost. Monocrystalline modules tend to be 20-25% more expensive than polycrystalline panels of the same wattage.
Save money with polycrystalline panels
Polycrystalline panels are made of multiple silicon crystals, which give them the look of a shattered glass or marble. The cells are often blue with square corners.
Manufacturing process of polycrystalline cells is easier and cheaper, but melting together many silicon crystals obstructs the flow of electrons in a panel and lowers its efficiency. It ranges from 15% to 20% maximum. Since polycrystalline panels are less efficient than monocrystalline ones, they are going to occupy more space while costing less. If you don’t want to invest too much in a solar panel system, have enough free room on the roof or in the yard and don’t really care about getting as much energy as possible, polycrystalline panels are your go-to choice.
There is, however, some data on higher tolerance to shading. Some companies claim that polycrystalline panels still work fine under layers of snow or dust, whereas monocrystalline panels are more likely to malfunction.
One drawback of polycrystalline panels is their vulnerability to heat. Not only hot weather decreases their performance, it can potentially shorten their lifespan. If you live in a particularly hot area, like Texas or Arizona, trying to save money by purchasing polycrystalline solar panels may turn out to be a mistake in the long run.
Both types last for more than 25 years
Efficiency and cost are the main points where polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels differ from each other. Their lifetime on paper exceeds 25 years, and warranties for them are issued accordingly. Keep in mind that manufacturers often guarantee that solar panels performance isn’t going to fall below a certain point – usually, no less than 90% in the first 10 years and no less than 80% in the decade after that.
Now that we’ve studied the main properties of both types, let’s summarize:
| black color, square with rounded corners (pseudo-square) | blue color, ‘shattered-glass’ or marble-like square cells |
| Check current prices | 20-25% less expensive than monocrystalline panels |
| 25 years/up to 25 years | 25 years/up to 25 years |
| 18% | 15-20% |
Appearance;black color, square with rounded corners (pseudo-square);blue color, ‘shattered-glass’ or marble-like square cells Price;Check current prices;20-25% less expensive than monocrystalline panels Lifetime/warranty;25 years/up to 25 years;25 years/up to 25 years Efficiency;18%;15-20%
Currently, monocrystalline panels are a more popular choice for residential solar systems. While polycrystalline panels do cost less, this difference in price is not convincing enough. It’s possible that their vulnerability to heat also repels potential customers from choosing polycrystalline panels as solar panels are more popular in sunny, hot cities, like Los Angeles. Finally, aesthetics play their part: black color of monocrystalline panels just looks better on the roof.
As a result, more and more manufacturers move away from polycrystalline panels in favor of other types of photovoltaics. However, some brands keep experimenting with poly-modules and use the latest innovations with them. For example, in 2014 REC introduced Twinpeak, a polycrystalline panel with half-cut cell design, which allowed the module to compete with mono-panels in terms of production and efficiency. Canadian Solar offers bifacial panels BiHiKu which can be either poly or mono.
Although monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are widespread, it doesn’t mean they are the only ones in the market. Check out our article to learn about other types of solar panels.
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What is a half-cut cell mono PERC solar panel?
Half-cut cell mono PERC solar modules have solar cells that are cut in half, which improves the solar module’s performance and durability. Traditional 60-cell and 72-cell solar panels will have 120 half-cut cells and 144 half-cut cells, respectively. When solar cells are halved, their current is also halved, so resistive losses are lowered and the solar cells can produce more power.
Half-cut cells provide several benefits over traditional solar cells. Most importantly, half-cut solar cells offer improved performance and durability. Performance-wise, half-cut cells can increase panel efficiencies by a few percentage points. And in addition to better production numbers, half-cut cells are more physically durable than their traditional counterparts; because they are smaller in size, they’re more resistant to cracking.
Smaller cells experience reduced mechanical stresses, reaching a decreased opportunity for cracking. Half-cut cell PV modules have higher output ratings and are more reliable than conventional solar panels.
Did you know that even a little shading can have severe detrimental effects on an entire string of solar modules? And exposing to extreme temperatures can cause hot spots, decreasing a whole module string’s power output.
Today new solar module generation technology has increased the module output of up to 15 watts per module, compared to standard solar modules. Boasting the efficiency of up to 19.79%.
The new solar module series based on the latest trend of half cut cell technology is not only cutting the cells into half but also reducing the cost, ensuring a lower LCOE.
How do half-cut solar cells improve PV panel performance?
There are a few main ways that half-cut cells can boost solar panel output and performance:
Reduced resistive losses
One source of power loss when solar cells convert sunlight into electricity is resistive losses, or power lost during electrical current transport. Solar cells transport current using the thin metal ribbons that cross their surface and connect them to neighboring wires and cells, and moving current through these ribbons leads to some energy lost. By cutting solar cells in half, the current generated from each cell is halved, and lower current flowing leads to lower resistive losses as electricity moves throughout cells and wires in a solar panel.
Higher shade tolerance
A conventional solar panel typically contains sixty 0.5V solar cells wired up in series. Voltages add in series, so the solar panel operates at 30V.
Half-cut cells are more resistant to the effects of shade than traditional solar cells. This is not due to the cells being cut in half, but rather a result of the wiring methods used to connect half-cut cells in a panel. In traditional solar panels built with full cells, the cells are wired together in rows, known as series wiring. In series wiring schemes, if one cell in a row is shaded and not producing energy, the entire row of cells will stop producing power. Standard panels typically have 3 separate rows of cells wired together, so shade on one cell of one row would eliminate a third of that panel’s power production.
If half cut cells were wired together as in a standard panel, they would produce half the current and twice the voltage. This would not be appreciated by installers using normal solar inverters.
To make them operate like standard panels they are wired together differently. There are 2 lots of 60 series-connected cells that operate at 30V each. These two 30V halves are then connected in parallel. Voltages in parallel stay the same, so the panel remains at the standard 30V.
Instead of having 3 panel cell-strings like a standard solar panel, the half cut panel has 6 panel cell strings making it a 6 string panel. Thanks to bypass diodes (shown in red below), one small spot of shade on a panel, caused by say a leaf or bird poop, will knock one entire cell string out of action, but not affect the others. Because the half-cut panel has more strings, the effect of partial shade is less severe.
On a roof without shade in an area where the birds are not particularly incontinent, this will make very little difference in overall generation, probably less than 1%, but that’s still an advantage. On a roof with a significant amount of shading I would expect a modest improvement in output. But it won’t be great because shade is basically solar panel kryptonite.
A regular solar panel has 3 cell-strings, each of which can be bypassed with a (red) bypass-diode. One shaded cell will shut down one-third of the panel.
A half cut solar panel has 6 separate cell-strings (but only 3 bypass diodes), offering better partial-shade tolerance. If half of the panel is shaded (e.g the LHS), the other half can still operate.
Hot Spots Not So Hot?
When one solar cell in a panel cell string is shaded, all the preceding unshaded cells can dump the energy they produce into the first shaded shaded cell as heat. This creates a hot spot that can potentially damage the solar panel if it lasts for a long time. Twice as many panel cell strings means only half as much heat, but as the shaded cell only has half the area to radiate heat as a normal cell, I’m not sure there will be much of an improvement. But the decreased total amount of heat produced should be less damaging to the panel so there is likely to be an improvement in resistance to hot spot damage.
Split Junction Box
Standard solar panels have one junction box that cables come out of located on the back of the panel near the top. Panels with half cut solar cells can have junction boxes that are split into three, as you can see in this picture of a REC Twinpeak half cut panel. The middle box is for the middle bypass diode.
At first I thought that since the junction box, or boxes, were in the middle of the panel it made no difference which way up it was installed. But then I was reminded that one cable is positive and the other is negative and it’s probably best not to confuse them. While there is enough length in the cables to cross them over if necessary, the thought of doing that gives me the creeps. It is not an elegant solution.
Reduce Power Loss
Half cell technology reduces resistive losses in the interconnection of solar modules. Less resistance between the cells increases the power output of a module.
Improved Heat Dissipation
The use of three separate smaller junction boxes with each containing one bypass diode reduces internal resistance and enables new layout design for increased output.